Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes): friend or foe? Supplementary Table 1

Cutibacterium acnes protects skin homeostasis. The species has three subspecies, and associations

between C. acnes subsp. acnes and acne, C. acnes subsp. defendens and prostate cancer, and C. acnes

subsp. elongatum and progressive macular hypomelanosis have recently been suggested. Different

phylotypes/clonal complexes may cause prosthetic joint and other infections, and virulence factors such

as fimbriae, biofilms, multidrug-resistance plasmids, porphyrin, Christie–Atkins–Munch–Petersen factors

and cytotoxicity contribute to infections. Isolates are subtyped by multiplex PCR or multi- or single-locus

sequence typing; however, these methods could be better synchronized. Resistance of acneic strains to

macrolides (25.0–73.0%), clindamycin (10.0–59.0%) and tetracyclines (up to 37.0%) is worrisome, but

susceptibility testing is now facilitated by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

disk diffusion breakpoints. New therapeutic approaches include sarecycline, antimicrobial peptides and

bacteriophages.